In the name of God the beneficent the merciful
Scientific top in popper’ thought
The philosophy of science discusses about methods of production of science or how the knowledge is gotten about the world. Some of these approaches are logical and rational arguments and inferences, empirical approaches that are called induction, and falsifiability. Popper has presented falsifiability against positivism. His theory based on rejection of induction. This critic on philosophy of science has emphasized that scientific propositions have not depended on repeatedly observed instances. One irregular mistake in the observed instances can be refuted the statement.
In popper’ school, critical rationalism, abolition the statements has defined as basis of empirical sciences. It leads to more movement and more development in knowledge and unsatisfactory of scientific growth in specific stages, which are, called law or theory. The knowledge growth enhances much rapidly. There is not stopping point when scientist conjectures and attempt hardly to reject his/her congestion.
In this theory, scientist efforts continually to cancel the scientific laws and theories with annulling/abolition instances. This process is the best starting point for the scientific growing. If the determined number of observed instances is sufficient for proving a theory. This substantiation stage is halting/discontinuance stage. With the premises above, the growing of science depends on repetition of observed instances but there is not stopping point in critical rationalism by rejecting credibility of
determined observed instances.
There is much criticism on critical rationalism, which was, be mentioned from different aspects. Disproving causation law with finding abolition instances weakens the knowledge framework. An annulling instance must be canceling both result and condition of a cause of theory but it announced that result rejection is sufficient.
The money which can be freely exchanged into gold or other countries’ currency and also in the realm of international trade there are lots of demand for it – the money – is called ‘strong money’; this can happen when international demand for goods or services of a specific country is highly increasing, or the time that there is a deficit in its trade balance, i.e. the U.S. after the WWII.
In a very simple definition the more the amount of inflation increases in a country, the more its currency depreciates in comparison to the past. So, if we be able increase the strength of a money or keep it at the same level of power, we would be able to tame the inflation. Generally, strong Rupee, or any other strong currency, indicates that that money is powerful in two ways:
1. The ability and stability of that money in purchasing goods or services in specific periods of time
2. The value of a money of a country comparing the money of another one, that is its value in comparison with the foreign exchange like dollar
Now, we focus on answering this question that how strong Rupee or any other strong money can tame the inflation. We may point into some essential factors;
1. The value of the currency of a country is connected to its power in competing with other countries’ economy. To do so, having high efficiency in economy and producing goods in the country with lower prices comparing to other countries help the country’s economic superiority forward among other nations.
2. An economy is considered powerful and can compete in international market that producing goods and services within the country cause no lacks in supply, and it causes a long-run price fixation in economy. And this price fixation means taming inflation in its lowest form.
3. One of the reasons of inflation is the increase in the amount of cash among people in the society. If we apply some policies of economic developments and increase GNP to keep the money strong we won’t need to print banknotes without plans, and as a result we would be able tame the money to some extent.
4. If all the above can come true to make a strong money,in the international market, we would be able to import the foreign goods with a lower price, and also compensate for the domestic needs of some particular goods and services. This way, we can stop those particular goods price-increasing, and this can help tame the inflation as well.
5. If the value of a money is higher in comparison with other countries’ money value, this means that the value of our money in export is higher than its value in import which means a price stability in the domestic market, hence, another style in taming the inflation.
In general, the increase in the strength on Rupee has both positive and negative effects. A strong money causes a huge sum of investment at the beginning, and that causes a routine increasing in economic development. This economic development at first causes inflation, but later causes price stability decreases inflation.
In the name of God
How strong rupee can tame inflation?
Inflation in India and the value of Rupee have direct relat
ionship together, and the value of Rupee affect on inflation in four main factors,
1-the strong Rupee references to strong economy in India and strong economy means the produce of goods and services is very efficiency and the amount of supply exceeds of demand, then the strong of rupee can tame inflation easily.
2- In international trade the value of Rupee in comparison to foreign money means the cost of production decreases because we import raw material and other essential substances for the production in a lower prices and this trade means lower inflation.
3-Deficit imbalance in the international trade or domestic budget lead to government has to borrow very much loan from the central bank or international organizations and this process lead to decrease the value of Rupee , unlike this state if we have surplus in international trade or domestic budget the value of Rupee increase and affect to control the inflation.
4- the amount of cash in the country without the efficiency of production lead to surplus of demand then if we manage the amount of cash and strength the money
We decrease the surplus of demand and finally we can tame the inflation.
Gholam Reza badrimanesh – student of Indian studies.
The inaccuracy rationality reasons in Kepel’s thought relevance to roots of Islamic movements
Many of the western scientists that study, explore and review concerning the Orient achieved monstrous knowledge from this branch of studies ,but their perception and critic argument
had major inaccuracy because they didn’t live actually within the Eastern people and were unfamiliar with the origins of their opinions.
One of the scholars of this group named Gilles Kepel followed this common misperception in his theories about the East. This short paper clarifies one of the false arguments of Kepel when he analyzes the roots of Islamic movements.
Gilles Kepel mentioned these factors as the reasons for Is lamic movements:
1. Young villagers’ immigration to cities on behalf of poverty within the Islamic countries
2. Emergence of the modern metropolitan cities in these countries(Kepel, 2002)
3. A growth in th population of the literate youngsters who didn’t have a thorough background of Imperialism notion (Kepel, 2002)
4. An increase in the number of population in urban areas because of the health facilities improvement (Kepel, 2007)
In these four major factors Kepel didn’t refer to people’s awareness related to the colonialism and its abuse or misuse of the Islamic countries. Although in the some of his books and papers he mentioned this factor, he did not emphasize on it, which shows that he didn’t understand the topic of or hid it deliberately. From some of his books one can understand that the U.S. government has designed a plot and a war in Middle-East and Islamic country to dominate them (Naghibzadeh, 2009: 43).
In his idea, the more Muslim people approach the democratic governments, the more their thought is correct, and if the refrain it they would approach an incorrect movement of Muslims (Kepel, 2002).
Then with these issues we can conclude that although many of the Islamic movements that exist move falsely, the most important roots of these movements is their awareness to the Western world ominous plans.
References:
Kepel, Gills , 2007 ,”Islamic fundamentalism”[online] ,available at:<http://www.uisa.ir/index.php?option=com-content&task+view&id=120&itemid=5> [accessed ]7/ nov/2010 )
Kepel, Gills , 2004 ,” The war for Muslim minds: an interview with Gilles Kepel”[online] ,available at :< http://www.opendemocracy.net/debates/article-5-57-2216.jsp#> [accessed ]7/ nov/2010 )
Kepel, Gills,2002. “Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam”. An interview by Joanne J. Myers.[ online] ,available at:< http://www.cceia.org/resources/trans/135.html> [Accessed 16/05/08]
naghibzadeh, ahmad , 2009 , “fitna in Middle East heart”, Newsletter Iranian international studies association, vol 2,isu 7 ,publication summer 2010
In the name of God
Clash of civilizations theory on the
phenomenon of Islam phobia shadow
Although In the independent space and without consider all of factors, the clash of civilization is an academic theory based on scientific and rational reasons and has not any dualism concepts. Nevertheless, with narrow assessing and researching on this theory and its context clarify the numerous affect on it. This essay argues regard to the enormous effects global occurrences on the Huntington theory, and answers these questions: how much this theory affect from political goals, media production and academic theory? In addition, how much these tree fa
ctors affect Huntington theory. In the other hand regardless scientific framework the theory but political and social conditions of the field of this theory has to find its shape can influence And it tends to pale its scientific content and can be a component of an west world strategy, as a rule any scientific theory or practical behavior growing in space of the West world will be affected by west imperialism , so in this short essay we examine these Unintended or deliberated effects.
In the fact many of major political occurs in last four decades, consist emerge the Islamic revolution of Iran and some fundamentalism movements of Islam and other religions, isolation of soviet and September 11 construct a specific view to Islam in the west. Huntington mentioned the last war and conflict will takes place in the clash of civilization between four main civilizations. "These are West and Islam, Hindu and Confucianism".
Huntington"s theory in his argument after that he said to remove ideological war in the future and expression of four major world civilizations, which he considers more important role in future conflicts are the main dispute between the West and Islamic civilization knows (Huntington"s, 1993), but the reasons His opinions can be expressed for this conclusion can be categorized to three particular:
1 - High capacity in social and cultural beliefs of Islam
2 - Incomplete compliance and resistance Muslim communities against the global component of culture West civilization. (Huntington, S, 1993)
3 - Development and influence of Islam in the West and increasing follower to Islam in Western societies. (Afsa, M, 2000)
These three features of Islamic civilization, along with the international events mentioned in the last four decades causing fear and concern of the West that overcome slowly and stage to stage of Islamic civilization on other civilizations is main problem and war or clash of civilizations with the Islamic not the important worry of west and indeed the West with Such scientific theories and at the same time some political activities and violent clashes for example Afghanistan and Iraq war tries to prevent following the influence of Islam to the gates of the West This statue of fear in the West is well visible in political literature has been interpreted as Islam phobia.
In addition, after this theory the West to managing this problem designs many theoretical and practical behavior in order to Islamism pale and remove programs mentioned below strengthened to counter Islam phobia, and dealing with the Muslim world is dealt with:
- In many scientific theories offered Islamic religious bias causing violent thoughts of war and terrorism that sacred bloodshed is introduced (Amiri, M, 1996).
- Making all the cause of events like terrors, bombings and the economic crisis of the Muslims.
- In many films and newspapers and news networks and other media productions West separatist Muslims as people that the opposite of innovation and modernity, pessimistic and violent human.
Then After presenting these cases we find out to this point that the management of the West with all the different parts for the following to set the overall strategy or coordinating the program to defend its existence against the Islamic civilization and the Many scientific theories of orientalism in this field and text is interpreted, theory of clash of civilizations is one of the most important theory presented in the West, especially the type of its interaction with the Muslim world is also first emerged in the formation of governing Islam phobia , and this has had an undeniable role on many reactions of the West against Islamic civilization, including the recent Middle East wars and extreme behaviors in the Bilateral interactions.
References:
Huntington, Samuel p, 1993, "the Clash of civilizations" [online], available at :< http://www
. fpvmv.umb.sk/fpvmv_www/phprs/storage/File/ksp/GLUN/Huntington_FA_1.pdf > [accessed] 23/Nov /2010)
Samuel P. Huntington,1993, “The Clash of Civilizations” Foreign Affairs, A shorter version appears in New York Times.
Daniel Pipes, 2001," In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power", Delhi, Voice of India.
Afsa , Mohammad j ,2000, “The Clash of Civilizations theory” [online], available at :< http://www.hawzah.net/hawzah/Magazines/MagArt.aspx?MagazineNumberID=4747&id=38619 > [accessed] 23/Nov /2010)
Amiri, mojtaba,1996, “The Clash of Civilizations, Huntington and his critics ” Alhoda international publisher.
