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Paradigm and paradigm shift

  Although paradigm canno t be defined completely like other theoretical concepts and

cannot be put into words in a limited boundary of phrases and despite scientists present

different definitions of paradigm .But it is possible that common points of those

definitions are deduced as a general definition of paradigm. These common points are:

1-Key assumptions, concepts, values, experiments, theories and laws that are

formed a conceptual framework in specific period of knowledge.

2-A set of beliefs and rules or a list of fundamental idea that generally accepted

by scientists and philosophers in a specific age of knowledge.

3-A disciplinary matrix and space which is assembled by inflectional

forms of thought, theory, theoretical patterns or models that scholars and

scientists activate and examine in this framework.

Paradigm bears resemblance to constitutional law in a country that until this

constitutional law has validity, the whole persons must obey it.

 There are many examples to clarify meaning of paradigm and fundamental

change of paradigm which is called paradigm shift. One of these

examples illustrates a paradigm shift in modern India; from a socialist

economy to open market policy.

After the ending of colonialism and in the period of the

Independence of India, the major economic theorists of India, which

were free from any colonialism-related concerns in that time, might be

grouped into two categories. The first group were theorists under

the influence of the politics of colonialism and exploitation kept away

from the economic ideas of countries like England, and were in favor of a simple

style of living. They, including Mahatma Gandhi and politicians approving

him, supported socialistic economic politics having the government as

the core to these activities. The other group, Nehru and his followers, believed

following the capitalistic economic system to be the only way to free

people from the problems of poverty. In a chronological classification, one

would observe that in the first four decades after the Independence of India

that is up to the beginning of the 90s the dominant thought was that of the

first group of theorists. From that time till now, one could see that Indian

politicians have more tendency towards capitalistic economy. This policy

exactly started the time that the current prime minister of India, Manhuman

Singh, was in charge of the ministry of treasury.

In

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