The money which can be freely exchanged into gold or other countries’ currency and also in the realm of international trade there are lots of demand for it – the money – is called ‘strong money’; this can happen when international demand for goods or services of a specific country is highly increasing, or the time that there is a deficit in its trade balance, i.e. the U.S. after the WWII.

In a very simple definition the more the amount of inflation increases in a country, the more its currency depreciates in comparison to the past. So, if we be able increase the strength of a money or keep it at the same level of power, we would be able to tame the inflation. Generally, strong Rupee, or any other strong currency, indicates that that money is powerful in two ways:

1.       The ability and stability of that money in purchasing goods or services in specific periods of time

2.       The value of a money of a country comparing the money of another one, that is its value in comparison with the foreign exchange like dollar

Now, we focus on answering this question that how strong Rupee or any other strong money can tame the inflation. We may point into some essential factors;

1.       The value of the currency of a country is connected to its power in competing with other countries’ economy. To do so, having high efficiency in economy and producing goods in the country with lower prices comparing to other countries help the country’s economic superiority forward among other nations.

2.       An economy is considered powerful and can compete in international market that producing goods and services within the country cause no lacks in supply, and it causes a long-run price fixation in economy. And this price fixation means taming inflation in its lowest form.

3.       One of the reasons of inflation is the increase in the amount of cash among people in the society. If we apply some policies of economic developments and increase GNP to keep the money strong we won’t need to print banknotes without plans, and as a result we would be able tame the money to some extent.

4.       If all the above can come true to make a strong money,in the international market, we would be able to import the foreign goods with a lower price, and also compensate for the domestic needs of some particular goods and services. This way, we can stop those particular goods price-increasing, and this can help tame the inflation as well.

5.       If the value of a money is higher in comparison with other countries’ money value, this means that the value of our money in export is higher than its value in import which means a price stability in the domestic market, hence, another style in taming the inflation.

In general, the increase in the strength on Rupee has both positive and negative effects. A strong money causes a huge sum of investment at the beginning, and that causes a routine increasing in economic development. This economic development at first causes inflation, but later causes price stability decreases inflation.

In the name of God

How strong rupee can tame inflation?

Inflation in India and the value of Rupee have direct relationship together, and the value of Rupee affect on inflation in four main factors,

1-the strong Rupee references to strong economy in India and strong economy means the produce of goods and services is very efficiency and the amount of supply exceeds of demand, then the strong of rupee can tame inflation easily.

2- In international trade the value of Rupee in comparison to foreign money means the cost of production decreases because we import raw material and other essential substances for the production in a lower prices and this trade means lower inflation.

3-Deficit imbalance in the international trade or domestic budget lead to government has to borrow very much loan from the central bank or international organizations and this process lead to decrease the value of Rupee , unlike this state if we have surplus in international trade or domestic budget the value of Rupee increase and affect to control the inflation.

4- the amount of cash in the country without the efficiency of production lead to surplus of demand then if we manage the amount of cash and strength the money

We decrease the surplus of demand and finally we can tame the inflation.

Gholam Reza badrimanesh – student of Indian studies.     

The inaccuracy rationality reasons in Kepel’s thought relevance to roots of Islamic movements

Many of the western scientists that study, explore and review concerning the Orient achieved monstrous knowledge from this branch of studies ,but their perception and critic argument

had major inaccuracy because they didn’t live actually within the Eastern people and were unfamiliar with the origins of their opinions.

One of the scholars of this group named Gilles Kepel followed this common misperception in his theories about the East. This short paper clarifies one of the false arguments of Kepel when he analyzes the roots of Islamic movements.

Gilles Kepel mentioned these factors as the reasons for Is lamic movements:

1.       Young villagers’ immigration to cities on behalf of poverty within the Islamic countries

2.       Emergence of the modern metropolitan cities in these countries(Kepel, 2002)

3.       A growth in th population of the literate youngsters who didn’t have a thorough background of Imperialism notion (Kepel, 2002)

4.       An increase in the number of population in urban areas because of the health facilities improvement (Kepel, 2007)

In these four major factors Kepel didn’t refer to people’s awareness related to the colonialism and its abuse or misuse of the Islamic countries. Although in the some of his books and papers he mentioned this factor, he did not emphasize on it, which shows that he didn’t understand the topic of or hid it deliberately. From some of his books one can understand that the U.S. government has designed a plot and a war in Middle-East and Islamic country to dominate them (Naghibzadeh, 2009: 43).

In his idea, the more Muslim people approach the democratic governments, the more their thought is correct, and if the refrain it they would approach an incorrect movement of Muslims (Kepel, 2002).

Then with these issues we can conclude that although many of the Islamic movements  that exist move falsely, the most important roots of these movements is their awareness to the Western world ominous plans.

References:

Kepel, Gills , 2007 ,”Islamic fundamentalism”[online] ,available at:<http://www.uisa.ir/index.php?option=com-content&task+view&id=120&itemid=5> [accessed ]7/ nov/2010 )

Kepel, Gills , 2004 ,” The war for Muslim minds: an interview with Gilles Kepel”[online] ,available at :< http://www.opendemocracy.net/debates/article-5-57-2216.jsp#> [accessed ]7/ nov/2010 )

       Kepel, Gills,2002. “Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam”. An interview by Joanne J. Myers.[ online] ,available at:< http://www.cceia.org/resources/trans/135.html> [Accessed 16/05/08]

              naghibzadeh, ahmad , 2009 , “fitna in Middle East heart”, Newsletter Iranian international studies association, vol 2,isu 7 ,publication summer 2010

In the name of God

Clash of civilizations theory on the

 phenomenon of Islam phobia shadow

Although In the independent space and without consider all of factors, the clash of civilization is an academic theory based on scientific and rational reasons and has not any dualism concepts. Nevertheless, with narrow assessing and researching on this theory and its context clarify the numerous affect on it.   This essay argues regard to the enormous effects global occurrences on the Huntington theory, and answers these questions:  how much this theory affect  from political goals, media production and academic theory? In addition, how much these tree factors affect Huntington theory. In the other hand regardless scientific framework  the theory but political and social conditions of the field of this theory has to find its shape can influence And it tends to pale its scientific content and can be a component of an west world strategy, as a rule any scientific theory or practical behavior growing in space of the West world will be affected by west imperialism , so in this short essay we examine these Unintended or deliberated effects.

         In the fact many of major political occurs in last four decades, consist emerge the Islamic revolution of Iran and some fundamentalism movements of Islam and other religions, isolation of soviet and September 11 construct a specific view to Islam in the west.  Huntington mentioned the last war and conflict will takes place in the clash of civilization between four main civilizations. "These are West and Islam, Hindu and Confucianism".

Huntington"s theory in his argument after that he said to remove ideological war in the future and expression of four major world civilizations, which he considers more important role in future conflicts are the main dispute between the West and Islamic civilization knows (Huntington"s, 1993), but the reasons His opinions can be expressed for this conclusion can be categorized to three particular:

1 - High capacity in social and cultural beliefs of Islam

2 - Incomplete compliance and resistance Muslim communities against the global component of culture West civilization. (Huntington, S, 1993)

3 - Development and influence of Islam in the West and increasing follower to Islam in Western societies. (Afsa, M, 2000)

These three features of Islamic civilization, along with the international events mentioned in the last four decades causing fear and concern of the West that  overcome slowly and  stage to stage  of Islamic civilization on other civilizations is main problem and war or clash of civilizations with the Islamic not the important worry  of west and indeed the West with Such scientific theories and at the same time some political activities and violent clashes for example Afghanistan and Iraq war tries to prevent  following the influence of Islam to the gates of the West This statue of fear in the West is well visible in political literature has been interpreted as Islam phobia.

In addition, after this theory the West to managing this problem designs many theoretical and practical behavior in order to Islamism pale and remove programs mentioned below strengthened to counter Islam phobia, and dealing with the Muslim world is dealt with:

- In many scientific theories offered Islamic religious bias causing violent thoughts of war and terrorism that sacred bloodshed is introduced (Amiri, M, 1996).

- Making all the cause of events like terrors, bombings and the economic crisis of the Muslims.

- In many films and newspapers and news networks and other media productions West separatist Muslims as people that the opposite of innovation and modernity, pessimistic and violent human.

Then After presenting these cases we find out to this point that the management of the West with all the different parts for the following to set the overall strategy or coordinating the program to defend its existence against the Islamic civilization and the Many scientific theories of orientalism in this field and text is interpreted, theory of clash of civilizations is one of the most important theory presented in the West, especially the type of  its interaction with the Muslim world is also first emerged in the formation of governing Islam phobia , and this has had an undeniable role on many reactions of the West  against Islamic civilization, including the recent Middle East wars and extreme behaviors  in the Bilateral interactions.

References:

Huntington, Samuel p, 1993, "the Clash of civilizations" [online], available at :< http://www

. fpvmv.umb.sk/fpvmv_www/phprs/storage/File/ksp/GLUN/Huntington_FA_1.pdf > [accessed] 23/Nov /2010)

Samuel P. Huntington,1993, “The Clash of Civilizations” Foreign Affairs, A shorter version appears in New York Times.

Daniel Pipes, 2001," In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power", Delhi, Voice of India.

Afsa , Mohammad j ,2000, “The Clash of Civilizations theory” [online], available at :< http://www.hawzah.net/hawzah/Magazines/MagArt.aspx?MagazineNumberID=4747&id=38619 > [accessed] 23/Nov /2010)

Amiri, mojtaba,1996, “The Clash of Civilizations, Huntington and his critics ” Alhoda international publisher.   

What this short essay intends to discuss is the role of one of the key figures of Orientalism; Bernard Lewis, a man without whom a great deal of the present-day ‘knowledge’ in the field of Middle Eastern studies would come into view differently.

Though a difficult task at times, especially trying to look unbiasedly multifaceted apropos this very critical person’s academic emergence, a profound coverage of various layers of his personality and thereof the prevailing thought at the back of his abundant number of published works proves to be indispensable. Comprehending this character entirely, if possible, not only illuminates the authenticity of a vast portion of the ‘knowledge’ of the area, but also assists the fervent (re)searchers of the field to trail a more accurate direction towards their studies.

It could be established that the leading thought in most of Lewis’s works lean towards certifying the undeviating disagreement between the East and the West on which he unobservedly relies to gain his own racial advantage, meaning that the permanent ‘clash’ keeps the two sides of the play permanently engaged, and the actual victor of the tragedy is the sole observer of neither sides who divided and conquered; no pain, ample gain.

Reading some of Lewis’s available autobiographies one might propose this question that why he typically passes the beginning stages of his life ignoring even a brief background of his family to swiftly jump into his primary academic stages. His first experience as an undergraduate student dates back to 1933 (Lewis, 2004). He mentions his familiarity with the field originated from the experience he had had for Bar Mitzvah. In 1936, he graduated from SOAS at the University of London, and three years later completed his PhD at the same place; the former specialization in History with the focus on the Near and Middle East, and the latter, History of Islam (Lewis, 2006). He did a variety of things among which being in the Royal Armored Corps and Intelligent Corps during World War II is noticeable. He also knows a number of languages.

Once a person wants to grasp any slightest notion(s) of Lewis, a list of ‘for and against’ scholars formulates all claiming their own truthfulness. Among his disciples one would expect Martin Kramer, Martin Peterz, Judith Miller, Charlie Rose, etc. On the other hand, Edward Said, Alam Shahid, Michael Hirsh, and a number of others are extremely against his views. Before referring to any of these pros and cons, a direct review of What Went Wrong? – one of his semi-recent works in which one could somewhat effortlessly trace the cyclically frequent motifs Lewis always pushes forward in support of the aforementioned clash/disagreement – looks to be a helpful aid in this investigation.

What Lewis presents throughout this specific work is hatred and violence in one way or another; the trend which for he is a one-way route, and in fact has been the same since the commencement of the two sides, namely Islam and Christianity which he naively sets as representatives of the East and the West (Lewis, 2002). He counts a number of factors including success, development, and civilization which he falsely argues all belong only to the West, and are the conspicuous absent factors for the East. This absolutely taken-for-granted foundation of him facilitates substantiating his claim: an everlasting abhorrence of the Easterners towards the Westerners which is the natural consequence of all the lacks they feel comparing themselves to those all-having people of the West.

Here an essential query vis-à-vis Lewis’s stance/stand would clarify the ‘whyness’ of most of his works. The question is, being neither a Muslim or in his generalization an Easterner, nor a Christian or to him a Westerner, why he, a Jewish to the core, is that much concerned for this so-called clash between the two.

Reading some of Lewis’s works aside from other scholars’ interpretations, a person, in particular a one categorized in one of his two opposite sides, would straightforwardly, though from time to time intricate, sense a pre-planned idea in search of benefits. To put it simple, the writer chases his/her own troops’ advantages, in this case Jewish people, by proposing a conflict for the two sides that could threaten his power. Once again, the idea of divide and conquer is revealed.

References

Alam, M. S. (2003, June 28). Scholarship or sophistry? Bernard Lewis and the new Orientalism. Counterpunch.

Alam, M. S. (2002, November 26). A predatory Orientalism, What went wrong? Counterpunch.

Hirsh, M. (). Bernard Lewis revisited: what if Islam isn’t an obstacle in the Middle East, but the secret to achieving it? The Washington Monthly.

Lamb, C. (2001, December 30). [Interview with Bernard Lewis, author of What went wrong?: the clash between Islam and modernity in the Middle East]. Retrieved from http://www.booknotes.org/Tran/?ProgramID=1657

Lewis, B. (2010, November 1). Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Emeritus. Retrieved from http://www.princeton.edu/~nes/faculty_lewis.html

Lewis, B. (2002). What went wrong?: the clash between Islam and modernity in the Middle East. United States of America: Oxford University Press.

Lewis, B. (personal communication, December 30, 2001)