IN THE NAME OF GOD THE BENEFICENT THE MERCIFUL
Paradigm and paradigm shift
Although paradigm canno t be defined completely like other theoretical concepts and
cannot be put into words in a limited boundary of phrases and despite scientists present
different definitions of paradigm .But it is possible that common points of those
definitions are deduced as a general definition of paradigm. These common points are:
1-Key assumptions, concepts, values, experiments, theories and laws that are
formed a conceptual framework in specific period of knowledge.
2-A set of beliefs and rules or a list of fundamental idea that generally accepted
by scientists and philosophers in a specific age of knowledge.
3-A disciplinary matrix and space which is assembled by inflectional
forms of thought, theory, theoretical patterns or models that scholars and
scientists activate and examine in this framework.
Paradigm bears resemblance to constitutional law in a country that until this
constitutional law has validity, the whole persons must obey it.
There are many examples to clarify meaning of paradigm and fundamental
change of paradigm which is called paradigm shift. One of these
examples illustrates a paradigm shift in modern India; from a socialist
economy to open market policy.
After the ending of colonialism and in the period of the
Independence of India, the major economic theorists of India, which
were free from any colonialism-related concerns in that time, might be
grouped into two categories. The first group were theorists under
the influence of the politics of colonialism and exploitation kept away
from the economic ideas of countries like England, and were in favor of a simple
style of living. They, including Mahatma Gandhi and politicians approving
him, supported socialistic economic politics having the government as
the core to these activities. The other group, Nehru and his followers, believed
following the capitalistic economic system to be the only way to free
people from the problems of poverty. In a chronological classification, one
would observe that in the first four decades after the Independence of India
that is up to the beginning of the 90s the dominant thought was that of the
first group of theorists. From that time till now, one could see that Indian
politicians have more tendency towards capitalistic economy. This policy
exactly started the time that the current prime minister of India, Manhuman
Singh, was in charge of the ministry of treasury.
In
two decades ago, many of economic theories which are based on socialist economy
changes fundamentally to open market policy. Some of these laws ,theory,
experiments are; depending on governmental institutions and weakening the private
sections, validity of private properties, depending on quota and etc.
References
The Thomas, kuhn, “Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy”, [online], available at :< http:// www.plato.stanford.edu/entries/thomas-kuhn/> [accessed]( 18/march /2011).
Hasanzadeh, turaj, 2009 ,” The consideration about paradigm ”[online]
,available at :< http://fa.shvoong.com/humanities/philosophy/1907059> [accessed ](7/ march/2010).
Kuhn ,Thomas S.,1996 “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”. Chicago and London:
University of Chicago Press, 1996 (3rd ed.), 44.
Paradigm - On Definition,” Criticism Of Kuhn"s Paradigms, Revolutions, Leaps Of Faith,
Criticism Of Kuhn"s Relativism - Science, Normal, Scientific, Defined,
Methods, and Example”[online] ,available at :
< http://science.jrank.org/pages/7948/Paradigm.html#ixzz1I3wTuZs8> [accessed ](7/ march/2010).
Bhattacharjea Aditya India and the WTO [Journal] // Economic and Political Weekly.
- [s.l.] : Economic and Political Weekly, dec 22, 2001. - 51 : Vol. 36. - pp. 4710-4713.
Fan Xiaobo Zhang and Shenggen How Productive Is Infrastructure? A
New Approach and Evidence from Rural IndiaAuthor [Journal] = How
Productive Is Infrastructure? // Oxford journal / ed. American Journal of Agricultural
Economics. - Oxford : Oxford University Press, may 04, 2004. - 2 : Vol. 86. - pp. 492-501. - 11.
Lawrence Sonia Dalmia and Pareena G. The Institution of Dowry in India:
Why It Continues to Prevail [Journal] // The Journal of Developing Areas. - [s.l.] :
College of Business, Tennessee State University, spring 2005. - 2 : Vol. 38. - pp. 71-93. - 24.
Peet Elaine Hartwick and Richard
Neoliberalism and Nature: The Case
Reed Ananya Mukherjee Corporate Governance Reforms in India [Journal] = Governance Reforms
in India // Journal of Business Ethics. - [s.l.] : Springer, may 04, 2002. - 3 : Vol. 37. - pp. 249-268. - 21.
Sen Pronab Rupee-Rouble Exchange Rate [Journal] // Economic and Political Weekly. - [s.l.] : Economic and
Political Weekly, mar 24, 1990. - 12 : Vol. 25. - pp. 613-618. - 7.
Verghese S. K. Export Assistance Policy and Export Performance of India in the Seventies [Journal] // Economic
and Political Weekly. - [s.l.] : Economic and Political Weekly, feb 1978. - 6/7 : Vol. 13. - pp. 245-276. - 22.
